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	<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" alink="#00007F" vlink="#7F7F7F">
		<center>
		Cowgod's<br>
		<font size="7"><strong><tt>Chip-8</tt></strong></font><br>
		Technical Reference v1.0<br>
		</center>
		<br>
		<font size="4"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="0.0">0.0</a> - Table of Contents&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
		</u></em></strong></font>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		<strong><a href="#0.0">0.0</a> - Table of Contents</strong><br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#0.1">0.1</a> - Using This Document<br>
		<br>
		<strong><a href="#1.0">1.0</a> - About Chip-8</strong><br>
		<br>
		<strong><a href="#2.0">2.0</a> - Chip-8 Specifications</strong><br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#2.1">2.1</a> - Memory<br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#memmap">Diagram</a> - Memory Map<br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#2.2">2.2</a> - Registers<br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#2.3">2.3</a> - Keyboard<br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#keyboard">Diagram</a> - Keyboard Layout<br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#2.4">2.4</a> - Display<br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#dispcoords">Diagram</a> - Display Coordinates<br>	
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#font">Listing</a> - The Chip-8 Hexadecimal Font<br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#2.5">2.5</a> - Timers &amp; Sound<br>	
		<br>
		<strong><a href="#3.0">3.0</a> - Chip-8 Instructions</strong><br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#3.1">3.1</a> - Standard Chip-8 Instructions<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#00E0">00E0</a> - CLS<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#00EE">00EE</a> - RET<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#0nnn">0<em>nnn</em></a> - SYS <em>addr</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#1nnn">1<em>nnn</em></a> - JP <em>addr</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#2nnn">2<em>nnn</em></a> - CALL <em>addr</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#3xkk">3<em>xkk</em></a> - SE V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#4xkk">4<em>xkk</em></a> - SNE V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#5xy0">5<em>xy</em>0</a> - SE V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#6xkk">6<em>xkk</em></a> - LD V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#7xkk">7<em>xkk</em></a> - ADD V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#8xy0">8<em>xy</em>0</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#8xy1">8<em>xy</em>1</a> - OR V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#8xy2">8<em>xy</em>2</a> - AND V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#8xy3">8<em>xy</em>3</a> - XOR V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#8xy4">8<em>xy</em>4</a> - ADD V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#8xy5">8<em>xy</em>5</a> - SUB V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#8xy6">8<em>xy</em>6</a> - SHR V<em>x</em> {, V<em>y</em>}<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#8xy7">8<em>xy</em>7</a> - SUBN V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#8xyE">8<em>xy</em>E</a> - SHL V<em>x</em> {, V<em>y</em>}<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#9xy0">9<em>xy</em>0</a> - SNE V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Annn">A<em>nnn</em></a> - LD I, <em>addr</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Bnnn">B<em>nnn</em></a> - JP V0, <em>addr</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Cxkk">C<em>xkk</em></a> - RND V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Dxyn">D<em>xyn</em></a> - DRW V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em>, <em>nibble</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Ex9E">E<em>x</em>9E</a> - SKP V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#ExA1">E<em>x</em>A1</a> - SKNP V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx07">F<em>x</em>07</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, DT<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx0A">F<em>x</em>0A</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, K<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx15">F<em>x</em>15</a> - LD DT, V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx18">F<em>x</em>18</a> - LD ST, V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx1E">F<em>x</em>1E</a> - ADD I, V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx29">F<em>x</em>29</a> - LD F, V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx33">F<em>x</em>33</a> - LD B, V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx55">F<em>x</em>55</a> - LD [I], V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx65">F<em>x</em>65</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, [I]<br>
			&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#3.2">3.2</a> - Super Chip-48 Instructions<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#00Cn">00C<em>n</em></a> - SCD <em>nibble</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#00FB">00FB</a> - SCR<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#00FC">00FC</a> - SCL<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#00FD">00FD</a> - EXIT<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#00FE">00FE</a> - LOW<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#00FF">00FF</a> - HIGH<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Dxy0">D<em>xy</em>0</a> - DRW V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em>, 0<br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx30">F<em>x</em>30</a> - LD HF, V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx75">F<em>x</em>75</a> - LD R, V<em>x</em><br>
				&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Fx85">F<em>x</em>85</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, R<br>

		<br>
		<strong><a href="#4.0">4.0</a> - Interpreters</strong><br>

		<br>
		<strong><a href="#5.0">5.0</a> - Credits</strong><br>

		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>

		<font size="3"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="0.1">0.1</a> - Using This Document&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		While creating this document, I took every effort to try to make it easy to read, as
		well as easy to find what you're looking for.<br>
		<br>
		In most cases, where a hexadecimal value is given, it is followed by the equivalent
		decimal value in parenthesis. For example, "0x200 (512)."<br>
		<br>
		In most cases, when a word or letter is italicized, it is referring to a variable
		value, for example, if I write "V<em>x</em>," the <em>x</em> reffers to a 4-bit
		value.<br>
		<br>		
		The most important thing to remember as you read this document is that every <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a>
		link will take you back to the Table Of Contents. Also, links that you have not yet visited
		will appear in <font color="#0000FF">blue</font>, while links you have used will be
		<font color="#7F7F7F">gray</font>.<br>
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>

		<font size="4"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="1.0">1.0</a> - About Chip-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		Whenever I mention to someone that I'm writing a Chip-8 interpreter, the response
		is always the same: "What's a Chip-8?"<br>
		<br>
		Chip-8 is a simple, interpreted, programming language which was first used on some
		do-it-yourself computer systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The COSMAC VIP,
		DREAM 6800, and ETI 660 computers are a few examples. These computers typically
		were designed to use a television as a display, had between 1 and 4K of RAM, and
		used a 16-key hexadecimal keypad for input. The interpreter took up only
		512 bytes of memory, and programs, which were entered into the computer in
		hexadecimal, were even smaller.<br>
		<br>
		In the early 1990s, the Chip-8 language was revived by a man named Andreas
		Gustafsson. He created a Chip-8 interpreter for the HP48 graphing calculator, 
		called Chip-48. The HP48 was lacking a way to easily make fast games at the time,
		and Chip-8 was the answer. Chip-48 later begat Super Chip-48, a modification of
		Chip-48 which allowed higher resolution graphics, as well as other graphical
		enhancements.<br>
		<br>
		Chip-48 inspired a whole new crop of Chip-8 interpreters for various platforms,
		including MS-DOS, Windows 3.1, Amiga, HP48, MSX, Adam, and ColecoVision. I became
		involved with Chip-8 after stumbling upon Paul Robson's interpreter on the 
		World Wide Web. Shortly after that, I began writing my own Chip-8 interpreter.<br>
		<br>
		This document is a compilation of all the different sources of information I used
		while programming my interpreter.<br>
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>

		<font size="4"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="2.0">2.0</a> - Chip-8 Specifications&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		This section describes the Chip-8 memory, registers, display, keyboard, and timers.<br>
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>

		<font size="3"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="2.1">2.1</a> - Memory&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		The Chip-8 language is capable of accessing up to 4KB (4,096 bytes) of RAM, from 
		location 0x000 (0) to 0xFFF (4095). The first 512 bytes, from 0x000 to 0x1FF, are
		where the original interpreter was located, and should not be used by programs.<br>
		<br>
		Most Chip-8 programs start at location 0x200 (512), but some begin at 0x600 (1536).
		Programs beginning at 0x600 are intended for the ETI 660 computer.<br>
		<br>
		<a name="memmap"><strong>Memory</strong></a><strong> Map:</strong><br>
		+---------------+= 0xFFF (4095) End of Chip-8 RAM<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;0x200 to 0xFFF|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chip-8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;Program / Data|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Space&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		+-&nbsp;-&nbsp;-&nbsp;-&nbsp;-&nbsp;-&nbsp;-&nbsp;-+= 0x600 (1536) Start of ETI 660 Chip-8 programs<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		+---------------+= 0x200 (512) Start of most Chip-8 programs<br>
		|&nbsp;0x000 to 0x1FF|<br>
		|&nbsp;Reserved for&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		|&nbsp;&nbsp;interpreter&nbsp;&nbsp;|<br>
		+---------------+= 0x000 (0) Start of Chip-8 RAM<br>


		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>

		<font size="3"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="2.2">2.2</a> - Registers&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		Chip-8 has 16 general purpose 8-bit registers, usually referred to as
		V<em>x</em>, where <em>x</em> is a hexadecimal digit (0 through F). There is also
		a 16-bit register called I. This register is generally used to store 
		memory addresses, so only the lowest (rightmost) 12 bits are usually used.<br>
		<br>
		The VF register should not be used by any program, as it is used as a flag by
		some instructions. See section 3.0, <a href="#3.0">Instructions</a>
		for details.<br>		
		<br>
		Chip-8 also has two special purpose 8-bit registers, for the delay and sound timers.
		When these registers are non-zero, they are automatically decremented at a rate 
		of 60Hz. See the section 2.5, <a href="#2.5">Timers &amp; Sound</a>, for more
		information on these.<br>
		<br>
		There are also some "pseudo-registers" which are not accessable from Chip-8
		programs. The program counter (PC) should be 16-bit, and is used to store the
		currently executing address. The stack pointer (SP) can be 8-bit, it is used to
		point to the topmost level of the stack.<br>
		<br>
		The stack is an array of 16 16-bit values, used to store the address that
		the interpreter shoud return to when finished with a subroutine. Chip-8 allows
		for up to 16 levels of nested subroutines.<br>
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>

		<font size="3"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="2.3">2.3</a> - Keyboard&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		<a name="keyboard">The</a> computers which originally used the Chip-8 Language had a 16-key hexadecimal
		keypad with the following layout:<br>
		<br>
		<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" align="center">
			<tbody><tr><td><tt>1</tt></td><td><tt>2</tt></td><td><tt>3</tt></td><td><tt>C</tt></td></tr>
			<tr><td><tt>4</tt></td><td><tt>5</tt></td><td><tt>6</tt></td><td><tt>D</tt></td></tr>
			<tr><td><tt>7</tt></td><td><tt>8</tt></td><td><tt>9</tt></td><td><tt>E</tt></td></tr>
			<tr><td><tt>A</tt></td><td><tt>0</tt></td><td><tt>B</tt></td><td><tt>F</tt></td></tr>
		</tbody></table>
		<br>
		This layout must be mapped into various other configurations to fit the keyboards
		of today's platforms.<br>
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>

		<font size="3"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="2.4">2.4</a> - Display&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		<a name="dispcoords">The</a> original implementation of the Chip-8 language used a 64x32-pixel monochrome display
		with this format:<br>
		<br>
		<table border="1" width="128" height="64" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center">
			<tbody><tr><td>
				<table border="0" height="60" width="100%"> 
					<tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left">(0,0)</td><td valign="top" align="right">(63,0)</td></tr>
					<tr><td valign="bottom" align="left">(0,31)</td><td valign="bottom" align="right">(63,31)</td></tr>
				</tbody></table>
			</td></tr>
		</tbody></table>
		<br>
		Some other interpreters, most notably the one on the ETI 660, also had 64x48 and 
		64x64 modes. To my knowledge, no current interpreter supports these modes. More 
		recently, Super Chip-48, an interpreter for the HP48 calculator, added a 
		128x64-pixel mode. This mode is now supported by most of the interpreters on other
		platforms.<br>
		<br>
		Chip-8 draws graphics on screen through the use of sprites. A sprite is a group
		of bytes which are a binary representation of the desired picture. Chip-8 sprites
		may be up to 15 bytes, for a possible sprite size of 8x15.<br>
		<br>
		Programs may also refer to a group of sprites representing the hexadecimal 
		digits 0 through F. These sprites are 5 bytes long, or 8x5 pixels. The data
		should be stored in the interpreter area of Chip-8 memory (0x000 to 0x1FF). 
		Below is a listing of each character's bytes, in binary and hexadecimal:<br>
		<br>
		<a name="font">&nbsp;</a>
		<table align="center">
			<tbody><tr>
				<td>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"0"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								10010000<br>
								10010000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0x90<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xF0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>
				</td>
				<td>		
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"1"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;<br>
								&nbsp;**&nbsp;<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;<br>
								&nbsp;***<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								00100000<br>
								01100000<br>
								00100000<br>
								00100000<br>
								01110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0x20<br>
								0x60<br>
								0x20<br>
								0x20<br>
								0x70<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>		
				</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"2"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								****<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								00010000<br>
								11110000<br>
								10000000<br>
								11110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x10<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x80<br>
								0xF0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>
				</td>
				<td>		
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"3"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								00010000<br>
								11110000<br>
								00010000<br>
								11110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x10<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x10<br>
								0xF0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>		
				</td>
			</tr>

			<tr>
				<td>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"4"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								10010000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11110000<br>
								00010000<br>
								00010000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0x90<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x10<br>
								0x10<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>
				</td>
				<td>		
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"5"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								****<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								10000000<br>
								11110000<br>
								00010000<br>
								11110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x80<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x10<br>
								0xF0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>		
				</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"6"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								10000000<br>
								11110000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x80<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xF0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>
				</td>
				<td>		
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"7"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;<br>
								&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								00010000<br>
								00100000<br>
								01000000<br>
								01000000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x10<br>
								0x20<br>
								0x40<br>
								0x40<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>		
				</td>
			</tr>

			<tr>
				<td>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"8"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11110000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xF0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>
				</td>
				<td>		
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"9"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
								&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11110000<br>
								00010000<br>
								11110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x10<br>
								0xF0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>		
				</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"A"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11110000<br>
								10010000<br>
								10010000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0x90<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>
				</td>
				<td>		
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"B"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								***&nbsp;<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								***&nbsp;<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								***&nbsp;<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11100000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11100000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11100000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xE0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xE0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xE0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>		
				</td>
			</tr>

			<tr>
				<td>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"C"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								****<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								10000000<br>
								10000000<br>
								10000000<br>
								11110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x80<br>
								0x80<br>
								0x80<br>
								0xF0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>
				</td>
				<td>		
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"D"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								***&nbsp;<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br>
								***&nbsp;<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11100000<br>
								10010000<br>
								10010000<br>
								10010000<br>
								11100000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xE0<br>
								0x90<br>
								0x90<br>
								0x90<br>
								0xE0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>		
				</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"E"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								****<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								10000000<br>
								11110000<br>
								10000000<br>
								11110000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x80<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x80<br>
								0xF0<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>
				</td>
				<td>		
					<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<tbody><tr><td>"F"</td><td>Binary</td><td>Hex</td></tr>			
						<tr>
							<td><tt>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								****<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
								*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								11110000<br>
								10000000<br>
								11110000<br>
								10000000<br>
								10000000<br>
							</tt></td>
							<td><tt>
								0xF0<br>
								0x80<br>
								0xF0<br>
								0x80<br>
								0x80<br>
							</tt></td>
						</tr>
					</tbody></table>		
				</td>
			</tr>

		</tbody></table>
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>
		<font size="3"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="2.5">2.5</a> - Timers &amp; Sound&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		Chip-8 provides 2 timers, a delay timer and a sound timer.<br>
		<br>
		The delay timer is active whenever the delay timer register (DT) is non-zero.
		This timer does nothing more than subtract 1 from the value of DT at a rate
		of 60Hz. When DT reaches 0, it deactivates.<br>
		<br>
		The sound timer is active whenever the sound timer register (ST) is non-zero.
		This timer also decrements at a rate of 60Hz, however, as long as ST's value is
		greater than zero, the Chip-8 buzzer will sound. When ST reaches zero, the sound
		timer deactivates.<br>
		<br>
		The sound produced by the Chip-8 interpreter has only one tone. The frequency
		of this tone is decided by the author of the interpreter.<br> 
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>

		<font size="4"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="3.0">3.0</a> - Chip-8 Instructions&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		The original implementation of the Chip-8 language includes 36 different
		instructions, including math, graphics, and flow control functions.<br>
		<br>
		Super Chip-48 added an additional	 10 instructions, for a total of 46.<br>
		<br>
		All instructions are 2 bytes long and are stored most-significant-byte first.
		In memory, the first byte of each instruction should be located at an even
		addresses. If a program includes sprite data, it should be padded so any
		instructions following it will be properly situated in RAM.<br>
		<br>
		This document does not yet contain descriptions of the Super Chip-48 instructions.
		They are, however, listed below.<br>
		<br>
		In these listings, the following variables are used:<br>
		<br>
		<em>nnn</em> or <em>addr</em> - A 12-bit value, the lowest 12 bits of the instruction<br>
		<em>n</em> or <em>nibble</em> - A 4-bit value, the lowest 4 bits of the instruction<br>
		<em>x</em> - A 4-bit value, the lower 4 bits of the high byte of the instruction<br>
		<em>y</em> - A 4-bit value, the upper 4 bits of the low byte of the instruction<br>
		<em>kk</em> or <em>byte</em> - An 8-bit value, the lowest 8 bits of the instruction<br>
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>
		<font size="3"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="3.1">3.1</a> - Standard Chip-8 Instructions&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">		
		<strong><a name="0nnn">0<em>nnn</em></a> - SYS <em>addr</em></strong><br>
		Jump to a machine code routine at <em>nnn</em>.<br>
		<br>
		This instruction is only used on the old computers on which Chip-8 was
 originally implemented. It is ignored by modern interpreters.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="00E0">00E0</a> - CLS</strong><br>
		Clear the display.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="00EE">00EE</a> - RET</strong><br>
		Return from a subroutine.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter sets the program counter to the address at the top of the
		stack, then subtracts 1 from the stack pointer.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="1nnn">1<em>nnn</em></a> - JP <em><em>addr</em></em></strong><br>
		Jump to location <em>nnn</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter sets the program counter to <em>nnn</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="2nnn">2<em>nnn</em></a> - CALL <em>addr</em></strong><br>
		Call subroutine at <em>nnn</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter increments the stack pointer, then puts the current PC on
		the top of the stack. The PC is then set to <em>nnn</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="3xkk">3<em>xkk</em></a> - SE V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em></strong><br>
		Skip next instruction if V<em>x</em> = <em>kk</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter compares register V<em>x</em> to <em>kk</em>, and if they are 
		equal, increments the program counter by 2.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="4xkk">4<em>xkk</em></a> - SNE V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em></strong><br>
		Skip next instruction if V<em>x</em> != <em>kk</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter compares register V<em>x</em> to <em>kk</em>, and if they are
		not equal, increments the program counter by 2.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="5xy0">5<em>xy</em>0</a> - SE V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em></strong><br>
		Skip next instruction if V<em>x</em> = V<em>y</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter compares register V<em>x</em> to register V<em>y</em>, and if 
		they are equal, increments the program counter by 2.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="6xkk">6<em>xkk</em></a> - LD V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em></strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = <em>kk</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter puts the value <em>kk</em> into register V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="7xkk">7<em>xkk</em></a> - ADD V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em></strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = V<em>x</em> + <em>kk</em>.<br>
		<br>
		Adds the value <em>kk</em> to the value of register V<em>x</em>, then stores the result in V<em>x</em>.
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="8xy0">8<em>xy</em>0</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em></strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = V<em>y</em>.<br>
		<br>
		Stores the value of register V<em>y</em> in register V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="8xy1">8<em>xy</em>1</a> - OR V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em></strong><br>
		Set Vx = V<em>x</em> OR V<em>y</em>.<br>
		<br>
		Performs a bitwise OR on the values of V<em>x</em> and V<em>y</em>, then stores the result in V<em>x</em>. A
		bitwise OR compares the corrseponding bits from two values, and if either bit
		is 1, then the same bit in the result is also 1. Otherwise, it is 0. <br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="8xy2">8<em>xy</em>2</a> - AND V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em></strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = V<em>x</em> AND V<em>y</em>.<br>
		<br>
		Performs a bitwise AND on the values of V<em>x</em> and V<em>y</em>, then stores the result in V<em>x</em>. A
		bitwise AND compares the corrseponding bits from two values, and if both bits
		are 1, then the same bit in the result is also 1. Otherwise, it is 0. <br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="8xy3">8<em>xy</em>3</a> - XOR V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em></strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = V<em>x</em> XOR V<em>y</em>.<br>
		<br>
		Performs a bitwise exclusive OR on the values of V<em>x</em> and V<em>y</em>, then stores the
		result in V<em>x</em>. An exclusive OR compares the corrseponding bits from two values,
		and if the bits are not both the same, then the corresponding bit in the result
		is set to 1. Otherwise, it is 0. <br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="8xy4">8<em>xy</em>4</a> - ADD V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em></strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = V<em>x</em> + V<em></em>y, set VF = carry.<br>
		<br>
		The values of V<em>x</em> and V<em>y</em> are added together. If the result is greater than 8 bits
		(i.e., &gt; 255,) VF is set to 1, otherwise 0. Only the lowest 8 bits of the result
		are kept, and stored in V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="8xy5">8<em>xy</em>5</a> - SUB V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em></strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = V<em>x</em> - V<em>y</em>, set VF = NOT borrow.<br>
		<br>
		If V<em>x</em> &gt; V<em>y</em>, then VF is set to 1, otherwise 0. Then V<em>y</em> is subtracted from V<em>x</em>,
		and the results stored in V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="8xy6">8<em>xy</em>6</a> - SHR V<em>x</em> {, V<em>y</em>}</strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = V<em>x</em> SHR 1.<br>
		<br>
		If the least-significant bit of V<em>x</em> is 1, then VF is set to 1, otherwise 0. Then
		V<em>x</em> is divided by 2.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="8xy7">8<em>xy</em>7</a> - SUBN V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em></strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = V<em>y</em> - V<em>x</em>, set VF = NOT borrow.<br>
		<br>
		If V<em>y</em> &gt; V<em>x</em>, then VF is set to 1, otherwise 0. Then V<em>x</em> is subtracted from V<em>y</em>,
		and the results stored in V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="8xyE">8<em>xy</em>E</a> - SHL V<em>x</em> {, V<em>y</em>}</strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = V<em>x</em> SHL 1.<br>
		<br>
		If the most-significant bit of Vx is 1, then VF is set to 1, otherwise to 0. Then
		V<em>x</em> is multiplied by 2.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="9xy0">9<em>xy</em>0</a> - SNE V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em></strong><br>
		Skip next instruction if V<em>x</em> != V<em>y</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The values of V<em>x</em> and V<em>y</em> are compared, and if they are not equal, the program
		counter is increased by 2.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Annn">A<em>nnn</em></a> - LD I, <em>addr</em></strong><br>
		Set I = <em>nnn</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The value of register I is set to <em>nnn</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Bnnn">B<em>nnn</em></a> - JP V0, <em>addr</em></strong><br>
		Jump to location <em>nnn</em> + V0.<br>
		<br>
		The program counter is set to <em>nnn</em> plus the value of V0.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Cxkk">C<em>xkk</em></a> - RND V<em>x</em>, <em>byte</em></strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = random <em>byte</em> AND <em>kk</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter generates a random number from 0 to 255, which is then ANDed
		with the value kk. The results are stored in V<em>x</em>. See instruction <a href="#8xy2">8<em>xy</em>2</a>
		for more information on AND.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Dxyn">D<em>xyn</em></a> - DRW V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em>, <em>nibble</em></strong><br>
		Display <em>n</em>-byte sprite starting at memory location I at (V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em>), set VF = collision.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter reads <em>n</em> bytes from memory, starting at the address stored in
		I. These bytes are then displayed as sprites on screen at coordinates (V<em>x</em>, V<em>y</em>).
		Sprites are XORed onto the existing screen. If this causes any pixels to be
		erased, VF is set to 1, otherwise it is set to 0. If the sprite is positioned
		so part of it is outside the coordinates of the display, it wraps around to
		the opposite side of the screen. See instruction <a href="#8xy3">8<em>xy</em>3</a> for
		more information on XOR, and section 2.4, <a href="http://devernay.free.fr/hacks/chip8/2.4">Display</a>, for
		more information on the Chip-8 screen and sprites.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Ex9E">E<em>x</em>9E</a> - SKP V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		Skip next instruction if key with the value of V<em>x</em> is pressed.<br>
		<br>
		Checks the keyboard, and if the key corresponding to the value of V<em>x</em> is currently
		in the down position, PC is increased by 2.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="ExA1">E<em>x</em>A1</a> - SKNP V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		Skip next instruction if key with the value of V<em>x</em> is not pressed.<br>
		<br>
		Checks the keyboard, and if the key corresponding to the value of V<em>x</em> is currently
		in the up position, PC is increased by 2.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Fx07">F<em>x</em>07</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, DT</strong><br>
		Set V<em>x</em> = delay timer value.<br>
		<br>
		The value of DT is placed into V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Fx0A">F<em>x</em>0A</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, K</strong><br>
		Wait for a key press, store the value of the key in V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		All execution stops until a key is pressed, then the value of that key
		is stored in V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Fx15">F<em>x</em>15</a> - LD DT, V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		Set delay timer = V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		DT is set equal to the value of V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Fx18">F<em>x</em>18</a> - LD ST, V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		Set sound timer = V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		ST is set equal to the value of V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Fx1E">F<em>x</em>1E</a> - ADD I, V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		Set I = I + V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The values of I and V<em>x</em> are added, and the results are stored in I.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Fx29">F<em>x</em>29</a> - LD F, V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		Set I = location of sprite for digit V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		The value of I is set to the location for the hexadecimal sprite corresponding to
		the value of V<em>x</em>. See section 2.4, <a href="#2.4">Display</a>, for more information
		on the Chip-8 hexadecimal font.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Fx33">F<em>x</em>33</a> - LD B, V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		Store BCD representation of V<em>x</em> in memory locations I, I+1, and I+2.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter takes the decimal value of V<em>x</em>, and places the hundreds
		digit in memory at location in I, the tens digit at location I+1, and the
		ones digit at location I+2.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Fx55">F<em>x</em>55</a> - LD [I], V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		Store registers V0 through V<em>x</em> in memory starting at location I.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter copies the values of registers V0 through V<em>x</em> into memory,
		starting at the address in I.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		<strong><a name="Fx65">F<em>x</em>65</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, [I]</strong><br>
		Read registers V0 through V<em>x</em> from memory starting at location I.<br>
		<br>
		The interpreter reads values from memory starting at location I into registers
		V0 through V<em>x</em>.<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		</font></tt>
		<font size="3"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="3.2">3.2</a> - Super Chip-48 Instructions&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">	
		<strong><a name="00Cn">00C<em>n</em></a> - SCD <em>nibble</em></strong><br>
		<strong><a name="00FB">00FB</a> - SCR</strong><br>
		<strong><a name="00FC">00FC</a> - SCL</strong><br>
		<strong><a name="00FD">00FD</a> - EXIT</strong><br>
		<strong><a name="00FE">00FE</a> - LOW</strong><br>
		<strong><a name="00FF">00FF</a> - HIGH</strong><br>
		<strong><a name="Dxy0">D<em>xy</em>0</a> - DRW V<em>x</em>, V<strong>y</strong>, 0</strong><br>
		<strong><a name="Fx30">F<em>x</em>30</a> - LD HF, V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		<strong><a name="Fx75">F<em>x</em>75</a> - LD R, V<em>x</em></strong><br>
		<strong><a name="Fx85">F<em>x</em>85</a> - LD V<em>x</em>, R</strong><br>
		<br>
		<br>
		<br>

		</font></tt>
							<font size="4"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="4.0">4.0</a> - Interpreters&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		Below is a list of every Chip-8 interpreter I could find on the World Wide Web:<br>
		<br>
		<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center">
			<tbody><tr>
				<td><strong>Title</strong></td>
				<td><strong>Version</strong></td>
				<td><strong>Author</strong></td>
				<td><strong>Platform(s)</strong></td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Chip-48</td>
				<td>2.20</td>
				<td>Anrdreas Gustafsson</td>
				<td>HP48</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Chip8</td>
				<td>1.1</td>
				<td>Paul Robson</td>
				<td>DOS</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Chip-8 Emulator</td>
				<td>2.0.0</td>
				<td>David Winter</td>
				<td>DOS</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>CowChip</td>
				<td>0.1</td>
				<td>Thomas P. Greene</td>
				<td>Windows 3.1</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>DREAM MON</td>
				<td>1.1</td>
				<td>Paul Hayter</td>
				<td>Amiga</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Super Chip-48</td>
				<td>1.1</td>
				<td>Based on Chip-48, modified by Erik Bryntse</td>
				<td>HP48</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Vision-8</td>
				<td>1.0</td>
				<td>Marcel de Kogel</td>
				<td>DOS, Adam, MSX, ColecoVision</td>
			</tr>
		</tbody></table>
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>

		<font size="4"><strong><em><u>
		<a name="5.0">5.0</a> - Credits&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
		</u></em></strong></font> <a href="#0.0">[TOC]</a><br>
		<br>
		<tt><font size="3">
		This document was compiled by <a href="mailto:cowgod@rockpile.com">Thomas P. Greene</a>.<br>
		<br>
		<strong>Sources include:</strong><br>
		<ul>
			<li>My own hacking.</li>
			<li>E-mail between David Winter and myself.</li>
			<li>David Winter's <u>Chip-8 Emulator</u> documentation.</li>
			<li>Christian Egeberg's <u>Chipper</u> documentation.</li>
			<li>Marcel de Kogel's <u>Vision-8</u> source code.</li>
			<li>Paul Hayter's <u>DREAM MON</u> documentation.</li>
			<li>Paul Robson's web page.</li>
			<li>Andreas Gustafsson's <u>Chip-48</u> documentation.</li>
		</ul>
		</font></tt>
		<br>
		<br>
		<br>
		<font size="2"><tt>August 30, 1997 06:00:00</tt></font>
	
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